41 And He said to them, “How can they say that the Christ is the Son of David? 42 Now David himself said in the Book of Psalms:
‘The Lord said to my Lord,
“Sit at My right hand,
43 Till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” ’
44 Therefore David calls Him ‘Lord’; how is He then his Son?” Luke 20: 41-44 NKJV
Luke 20: 41-44 The Lord Said To My Lord
41While the Pharisees were assembled, Jesus questioned them: 42 “What do you think about the Christ? Whose son is He?” “ David’s,” they answered. 43Jesus said to them, “How then does David in the Spirit call Him ‘Lord’? For he says:… Matthew 22: 41-43
V. 41 And He said to them - This follows after Him answering their questions about taxes and the resurrection. In Matthew we get a little more of the story, in 22:42 above, we see Jesus ask them, "what do you think about the Christ, Whose Son is He?"
V. 41b How can they say that the Christ is the Son of David - He knew their doctrines and that they had studied the OT prophecies about Him. The answer is arrived at the same way He taught them about the resurrection, by going back to Scripture and getting the Author's intent. The people had a right understanding in that the Christ would come from the line of David, that He would save Israel, but their expectation of that to happen right now politically was dim not only in it's timing but also it's extent. Look at the end of Jeremiah 23:6 below, His name is "The Lord Our Righteousness." His coming now was to be what we aren't, and to satisfy what we are in violation of. None are righteous except Him, and God requires a righteous sacrifice, the Just for the unjust. This is not a concept foreign to their OT Scriptures, it's everywhere, but it's foreign to what they want to believe about the Christ. He is the Son of David, which satisfies man's failure, but He is opening up a very different train of thought here, that He is more than just a man, which satisfies the eternality of the offended party.
…5Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will raise up for David a righteous Branch, and He will reign wisely as King and will administer justice and righteousness in the land. 6In His days Judah will be saved, and Israel will dwell securely. And this is His name by which He will be called: The LORD Our Righteousness. Jeremiah 23: 5-6
…3regarding His Son, who was a descendant of David according to the flesh, 4and who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God by His resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord. 5Through Him and on behalf of His name, we received grace and apostleship to call all those among the Gentiles to the obedience that comes from faith.… Romans 1: 3-5
…15But outside are the dogs, the sorcerers, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters, and everyone who loves and practices falsehood. 16“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the bright Morning Star.” Revelation 22: 15-16
1Then a shoot will spring up from the stump of Jesse, and a Branch from his roots will bear fruit. 2The Spirit of the LORD will rest on Him—the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and strength, the Spirit of knowledge and fear of the LORD.… Isaiah 11: 1-2
V. 42a Now David Himself said in the book of Psalms - He took the Sadducees back to the Pentateuch to squash their dependence on experience, human emotion, and philosophy when He schooled them on the resurrection. Now He returns to the Scriptures, this time the Psalms, and educates the crowd on Who He is. Those that think it doesn't matter today, well it mattered to Christ, so just saying "Jesus" isn't an end all for me, Who is Jesus? Which Jesus are you referring to?
…21Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only he who does the will of My Father in heaven. 22Many will say to Me on that day, ‘Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in Your name, and in Your name drive out demons and perform many miracles?’ 23Then I will tell them plainly, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you workers of lawlessness!’… Matthew 7: 21-23
…3I am afraid, however, that just as Eve was deceived by the serpent’s cunning, your minds may be led astray from your simple and pure devotion to Christ. 4For if someone comes and proclaims a Jesus other than the One we proclaimed, or if you receive a different spirit than the One you received, or a different gospel than the one you accepted, you put up with it way too easily. 5I consider myself in no way inferior to those “super-apostles.”… 2 Corinthians 11: 3-5
The Lord said to my Lord - Yahweh said to Adonai. God the Father said to God the Son, for though Christ is of the lineage of King David, yet David calls Him his Lord. He calls Him this under the influence of the Holy Spirit.
1A Psalm of David. The LORD said to my Lord: “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.” 2The LORD extends Your mighty scepter from Zion: “Rule in the midst of Your enemies.”… Psalm 110:1
THE LORD SAID TO MY LORD, "SIT AT MY RIGHT HAND - See the original psalm below - notice that they are 4 participants in this psalm - (1) Jehovah or Yahweh (2) David (3) 'Adonay and (4) enemies. David is inspired to record the words of Jehovah which were addressed to Adonay, Who Himself was also David's Lord. To sit at the "right hand" of the king was an honor (see 1 Ki 2:19) The Lord's invitation to the Davidic king to sit down at his right hand reflects the king's position as the Lord's vice-regent. The enemies under Adonay's feet signify that Adonay will conquer and subdue His enemies. - Precept Austin
V. 42b -43 Sit at My right hand till I make Your enemies Your footstool - He is carefully taking them back to Scripture and addressing the misconceptions not only about Who He is, but also what time it is. He has told His disciples over and over that He is heading to the cross, that the Messiah must suffer, and this is also written in the prophets. Remember though, they think it happens immediately, Messiah shows up, Messiah destroys their enemies, Israel rules, and the Pharisees don't think they need a Messiah to die for them. They are covered by their traditions. The Sadducees don't believe there is anything to fear because they stumble around on this crutch of thinking that says, "there is no resurrection, this life is all there is." Now the Pharisees don't want this Jesus because He is not the Messiah they imagined, and the Sadducees can't stand Him because He overthrew their tables in the temple, interrupted their lies and extortion. So what time is it? It's the time of the Passover, the time for Messiah to come, to preach repentance, live the life of the spotless Lamb of God, and then go to the cross to satisfy the Eternal Being. It is in this sacrifice that He conquers sin and death, that He offers Himself up in my place and purchases me back from death and sin. By taking them back to Psalm 110 He is giving them a timeline, the Father is pleased with the Son and says, "come sit" where? At His right hand, not on the throne of David in Jerusalem? No, not yet. When then? "Till I make Your enemies Your footstool." He has also told His disciples that He has to return to the Father, and this was spoken of a thousand years before He came. So He goes back to the Father, sits at His right hand before He comes to reign in Jerusalem in the Millennial Kingdom.
…34For David did not ascend into heaven, but he himself says: ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand 35until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.”’ 36Therefore let all Israel know with certainty that God has made this Jesus, whom you crucified, both Lord and Christ!”… Acts 2: 34-36
14 And the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, were following Him on white horses.
15 From His mouth comes a sharp sword, so that with it He may strike down the nations, and He will rule them with a rod of iron; and He treads the wine press of the fierce wrath of God, the Almighty.
16 And on His robe and on His thigh He has a name written, “KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.”
17 Then I saw 1an angel standing in the sun, and he cried out with a loud voice, saying to all the birds which fly in midheaven, “Come, assemble for the great supper of God,
18 so that you may eat the flesh of kings and the flesh of commanders and the flesh of mighty men and the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them and the flesh of all men, both free men and slaves, and small and great.”
19 And I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army.
Doom of the Beast and False Prophet
20 And the beast was seized, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image; these two were thrown alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone.
21 And the rest were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse, and all the birds were filled with their flesh. Revelation 19: 14-21
UNTIL - See discussion of this important expression of time. The preposition UNTIL can indicate the time before an event takes place (Ezek 33:22), the time until it takes place (Ps 104:23), or occasionally the time during which an event takes place (2 KI 9:22). It can also “mark a relative limit beyond which the activity of the main clause still continues” as it does in Psalm 112:8. in Psalm 110 UNTIL signifies the time until an event occurs. Stated another way, UNTIL indicates enemies will be active up to a point and then it will not happen. The point that it will not happen is when Jesus reigns over and subjugates all His enemies. Deffinbaugh elaborates on another aspect of UNTIL - "While the Messiah was to share in the power and prestige of Yahweh’s reign, there was a GAP OF TIME indicated between the time of His exaltation (“Sit …”) and His triumph (“UNTIL”). There is both a present and a future dimension to the prophetic oracle of Yahweh. The enemies of the Messiah will, at a later time, be subjected to Him, but not immediately. To make someone “the footstool for their feet” (v. 1c) was to completely subject him (cf. Ps. 8:6; 18:39), an expression probably based upon the practice of military conquerors who placed their feet on the necks of their defeated foes (cf. Josh. 10:24-25). Messiah was elevated to a position of equality with Yahweh, yet the outworking of His power was yet viewed as future." (Ref) (Bold font added) - Precept Austin
V.44 Therefore David calls Him 'Lord' how is He then his Son - A provocative question, and He has been on this battleground with them before, when He said, "before Abraham was born, I am!" It indicated that He was before Abraham, and now here, how is it that David calls Him Lord, if David is His father? David died a thousand years before this conversation, as the King of Israel.
…13Then Isaiah said, “Hear now, O house of David! Is it not enough to try the patience of men? Will you try the patience of my God as well? 14Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call Him Immanuel. Isaiah 7: 13-14
…22All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: 23“Behold, the virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call Him Immanuel” (which means, “God with us”). 24When Joseph woke up, he did as the angel of the Lord had commanded him, and embraced Mary as his wife.… Matthew 1: 22-24
…3So also, when we were children, we were enslaved under the basic principles of the world. 4But when the time had fully come, God sent His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, 5to redeem those under the law, that we might receive our adoption as sons.… Galatians 4: 3-5
…57Then the Jews said to Him, “You are not yet fifty years old, and You have seen Abraham?” 58“Truly, truly, I tell you,” Jesus declared, “before Abraham was born, I am!” 59At this, they picked up stones to throw at Him. But Jesus was hidden and went out of the temple area.… John 8: 57-59
Gene Brooks summarizes this section - Jesus makes the point that His identity as Messiah exceeds traditional Jewish expectations of an earthly conquering king. Jesus is David’s son, affirming His humanity (Luke 20:41). Jesus is David’s Lord, affirming his deity (Luke 20:42-44). The title, Son of David, which the blind man already called Jesus (Luke 18:38-39), was a favorite title for the Messiah among the rabbis and a common one in Scripture (Isaiah 9:7; 11:1; Psalm 2, 89, 132). It’s roots are in the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:11-16) where God promises David that He will raise up one of his Seed who would reign forever on his throne. Jesus identifies the speaker in Psalm 110 as David, who addresses the Messiah as “my Lord” and speaks of his enthronement at God’s right hand. Psalm 110 is one of the most frequently cited OT texts in the NT. Their response? Silence. No one can answer Jesus.
Leon Morris - Jesus rounded off the session of questions by asking one himself. The problem he posed arises from the habit in antiquity of regarding earlier generations as greater and wiser than the present one. David was the ideal king and his descendants by definition were less than he. But he himself referred to the Messiah as Lord (Ps. 110:1). How then could he be David’s son, as the scribes said? Luke does not, of course, mean that Jesus is denying his Davidic descent. He has made that descent plain over and over (Lk 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4; 18:38f.) and his story of the virgin birth, from which his readers would see that Christ pre-existed, shows that even on the scribes’ premises Jesus was greater than David. But the question arose, ‘How did the scribes understand the Psalm?’ Jesus is also clearing up a misunderstanding of Messiahship. People who used the title ‘Son of David’ (Lk 18:38–39; Matt. 21:9) clearly envisaged the Messiah as someone who would defeat all Israel’s foes and bring in a new kingdom of David. They thought of David’s son as similar to David in being, outlook and achievement. There are not wanting Jewish writings of the period which speak of the Son of David in terms of a narrow nationalism that looked for Israel’s triumph over all its foes (e.g. the Psalms of Solomon). Jesus means us to see that the Messiah was not David’s son in that petty sense. He was Lord, Lord of people’s hearts and lives. To call him Lord meaningfully is to see him as greater by far than merely another David. (Borrow The Gospel According to St. Luke: An Introduction and Commentary )
Arnold Fruchtenbaum on Jesus as the Son of David and David's Lord - Jesus challenges them with a theological question, one which illustrates the God/man concept. This is the crux of what they don’t understand about the Messiah, even to this day. He asks them, “Whose son is the Messiah?” and they answer correctly “the son of David.” Jesus asks them about Psalm 110:1, and asks them “If Messiah is David’s son, how does David call him Lord?” What is Jesus saying here? How can a son be a Lord to his Father? The rabbis are unable to answer. They are completely missing the God/man concept. They do not understand the divine nature of the Messiah, and still do not to this day. - Precept Austin
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